The chapter opens with a series of laudatory quotations from twentieth‑century critics—Robert McCrum, Peter Grosvenor, Peter Ackroyd, John Mortimer, John Carey, Geoffrey Wheatcroft, Paul Gray, and others—each praising Orwell’s moral authority, clarity, and lasting influence. It then presents a concise biography. Eric Arthur Blair, later known as George Orwell, was born in 1903 in British‑ruled India where his father worked for the Civil Service. In 1907 his family relocated to England, and in 1917 he entered Eton College, contributing regularly to its magazines. After school, from 1922 to 1927 he served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma; this experience later inspired his debut novel Burmese Days (1934). Following his discharge, Orwell endured several years of poverty, living in Paris for two years before returning to England. Back in England he held a succession of low‑paid jobs—private tutor, schoolteacher, bookshop assistant—while writing reviews and articles for various periodicals. His first major work, Down and Out in Paris and London, appeared in 1933. In 1936 Victor Gollancz commissioned him to investigate mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire, resulting in the powerful social documentary The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). Later that year Orwell travelled to Spain to fight for the Republicans in the Civil War; he was wounded and later recounted the experience in Homage to Catalonia. A 1938 sanatorium stay left him never fully fit. He spent six months in Morocco, where he wrote Coming Up for Air. During World War II he served in the Home Guard and worked for the BBC Eastern Service (1941‑43), while also acting as literary editor of Tribune and writing for the Observer and Manchester Evening News. Orwell’s allegorical novella Animal Farm was published in 1945; together with Nineteen Eighty‑Four (1949) it secured his worldwide fame. The chapter concludes with his death in London in January 1950 and a final tribute from Desmond MacCarthy, who praised Orwell’s indelible mark on English literature.